Stomach ulcers — symptoms, causes and treatment

Stomach ulcers are open sores that form on the lining of your stomach or the first part of your small intestine. They often cause burning pain between the breastbone and the belly button, worse on an empty stomach. Other warning signs include nausea, bloating, early fullness, loss of appetite, and unintentional weight loss. If you see dark or bloody stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds, get medical help.

Most ulcers come from two main causes: infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria and regular use of NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen. Smoking, heavy alcohol use, long-term steroid use, and some other medications make ulcers more likely or slow healing. Stress and spicy food can flare symptoms but don't cause the ulcer.

Simple steps can ease symptoms while you sort treatment. Stop NSAIDs, quit or cut back on smoking and alcohol, and avoid foods that trigger your pain. Over-the-counter antacids or H2 blockers can give short-term relief, but they don't remove H. pylori. Don't keep treating recurring pain on your own — unresolved ulcers can bleed or perforate.

If your doctor suspects an ulcer they may test for H. pylori using a breath, blood, stool, or biopsy test. Treatment for an H. pylori ulcer usually combines two antibiotics plus a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to reduce acid and help healing. If NSAIDs caused the ulcer, stopping the drug and taking a PPI is often enough. Follow the full course of antibiotics and come back if pain returns after treatment.

Watch for red flags: sudden sharp belly pain, fainting, rapid heartbeat, black tarry stools, or repeated vomiting. Those symptoms can mean bleeding or a hole in the stomach and need emergency care. Also see a doctor for persistent, worsening, or unexplained upper belly pain even if it starts mild.

Some medications raise ulcer risk. Long-term corticosteroids, for example, can worsen ulcers, so talk to your doctor about risks and alternatives if you need chronic steroid therapy. Certain antibiotics are used for infections that sometimes affect the gut, but they aren't a cure for H. pylori unless combined correctly — follow your doctor’s plan.

Ask your clinician about tests and treatment options that fit your situation. If you use online pharmacies or buy supplements, stick to reputable sources and tell your doctor everything you take. On this site you'll find related articles about antibiotics, steroid risks, and safe medication choices that can help you understand options and avoid mistakes.

Quick actions if you suspect an ulcer

Stop NSAIDs, avoid smoking and booze, use antacids for short relief, and schedule medical evaluation. With proper testing and treatment most ulcers heal within weeks. Stay alert for red flags and don't ignore recurring pain.

If you want more detail, read our article on Levoquin — antibiotics, and our Prednisolone guide to learn how steroids affect the stomach. Questions? Bring a list of symptoms and medicines to your appointment so your doctor can help fast and follow-up.